Heritage Assessment free essay sample

It is getting all the more testing to work on nursing because of the multicultural assorted variety and less attention to their way of life making it much harder to give sheltered and proper patient consideration. Subsequently as Nurses, it is essential to learn and comprehend the different culture and legacy to give quality consideration to the person out of luck. The consideration is given dependent on their way of life, recognizing it and regarding their convictions, qualities and customs. This paper here will analyze the distinctions in wellbeing conventions between the Indian, African-American and Pilipino legacies, tending to their methodology towards wellbeing upkeep, wellbeing security and wellbeing rebuilding. The Heritage evaluation instrument is an apparatus utilized in clinical nursing practice by medical attendants and other medicinal services laborers to comprehend the social components, qualities, convictions, and customs of the multicultural gatherings for whom they give quality consideration. These devices empower us medical attendants to give powerful transcultural nursing care. Distinguishing proof of social subtleties is exceptionally essential to analyze, oversee and treat the patient. We will compose a custom article test on Legacy Assessment or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In the event that obscure, it would postpone persistent consideration and put patients in danger. It is suggested that, human services laborers recognize the social needs as ahead of schedule as conceivable on affirmation, so as to design the correct consideration dependent on the people and families social convictions and necessities. When looked at the social contrasts among Indian, Nigerian and Pilipino, it was uncovered that there were scarcely any similitudes and barely any distinctions noted among the three societies. The couple of comparable things noted were, all societies were near the family. The guardians get the opportunity to remain with their child or little girl until they kick the bucket and never needed to live alone. They all ideally wed from their own ethnic foundation and proceed with their relationship, along these lines keeping in touch with their more distant family in a nearby way and by visiting them all the more oftentimes. The greater part of all, they lived as a major joint family which builds up the closeness in everybody, and helping each other with whatever they can. Indian Culture Wellbeing was kept up by methods for rehearsing certain schedules like, regular before anything else shower and go to the Sun God and perform â€Å"Surya Namaskar† in a manner like yoga, eating newly prepared dinners ordinary and physically accomplishing their work at home instead of utilizing clothes washers and dishwashers, utilize a brush and clear the house and sit and wipe the floor as opposed to wiping, another approach to guarantee one activities. Men for all intents and purposes did everything outside the house; they are the provider of the house. In India, a large portion of the individuals practice Hinduism, the parts of Hinduism that regularly influence wellbeing choices and interchanges between the patient, family and social insurance supplier incorporates certain particulars like, Karma a law of conduct and one’s outcomes came about because of the activities of the previous existences is connected straightforwardly to the ailment in this life, brought about by Karma. Infection which is brought about by a lopsidedness of the real humors called dosha is relieved by rebuilding of parity through reflection, diet, oil back rubs and normal medication. Most patients are dealt with comprehensively, by methods for home grown cures through treatment called Ayurvedic . Recently pattern is distinctive with the cutting edge individuals going to emergency clinics and looking for clinical consideration as and when required. Food †Mostly veggie lovers yet few non vegans. It is imperative to know that non-veggie lover food isn't allowed on specific days like Mondays, Fridays and Saturdays. Indulging is by and large kept away from due to the danger of diminished life expectancy. The majority of the women work on fasting normally for the sake of God/Goddess, which is said to have a method of killing or limiting disarray in the body. Fasting assists with training the detects and develop command over them. Gradually wants are controlled and we feel progressively tranquil and it limits the requests of the body. Wellbeing advancement is rehearsed by methods for connecting in the network and inoculating everybody, instructing and giving anti-conception medication to forestall HIV/STD sicknesses, anticipation and control of nearby endemic illnesses, counteraction of lack of healthy sustenance are a couple. Hunger is forestalled by giving free sound school snacks in state funded schools, which follows the food pyramid carefully. Network Health has Primary consideration habitats, where free centers are available to general society for Health advancement and anticipation. Wellbeing is reestablished by expending sound food and following a solid way of life. Pilipino Culture Health as indicated by the Pilipino culture depended on the guideline of parity and concordance. Quick moves from â€Å"hot† to â€Å"cold† lead to ailment. Their hypothesis of sicknesses could be because of practices, for example, revenge from progenitors or unfulfilled commitments, reprisal by heavenly creatures like malice soul or an alchemist or naturalistic causes like contamination. Their convictions are situated towards assurance of the body and follow the idea of flushing (prompt perspiring, spewing), warming (remaining warm) and ensuring. They had solid family convictions because of which keeping up wellbeing was seen as an obligation to the family. This drove the Pilipino individuals to look for clinical consideration when required for the family, and follow clinical treatment plans. Working out, strolling, body mindfulness were scarcely any other significant viewpoint towards wellbeing upkeep, they were said to follow exacting sound eating routine aside from which became troublesome when visitors were around a large portion of the occasions. It is insolent and carries disgrace to the way of life if food was dismissed or killed. Pilipino stresses the significance of equalization and balance as key ideas to keep up wellbeing and forestall ailments. They demand neatness, deliberateness, proper social lead in different circumstances, and evasion of social, passionate, or mental trouble assists with keeping one’s body solid. Seniors look for clinical consideration as and when required until dismissed by the relatives because of the dread and commitment towards shielding the older folks from outer powers. Wellbeing advancement is by methods for customary wellbeing screenings, inoculations, advising and wellbeing instruction. Nigerian culture Western and customary types of medication are well known in Nigeria where the conventional medication, known as â€Å"juju† is basic at the rustic level, treats utilizing assortment of plants and herbs. Customary healers called specialists. The indication of sickness and ailment is viewed as an indication of irregularity with the regular or the soul world. Country individuals don't confide in present day medication, so favor conventional ways. As indicated by them, the conventional medication is successful and produces less symptoms than present day drugs. They offered significance to neatness, individual cleanliness, appropriate food dealing with and so on. Social insurance places are utilized uniquely as an auxiliary source when conventional medication has fizzled. Centers in Nigeria have constrained offices, however discussions are free, while they need to pay for treatment and emergency clinic affirmation. Their food comprises of parcel of singed things and they expend food high in fat and customarily individuals see weight as positive. They ideally like their equivalent sexual orientation individual deal with them. Individuals when they move and become modernized don’t go searching for conventional treatments; rather look for clinical consideration varying. They attempt to exercise and practice sound ways of life and dietary patterns to advance wellbeing. They are strict and consider wellbeing improvement as a supernatural occurrence. Wellbeing advancement was seen in territories of bosom taking care of, nutritious nourishment for mother after labor and vaccinations advance treatment of plague infections, improve food gracefully and sustenance and bolster maternal and kid care. End Overall the legacy evaluation apparatuses improve nursing care conveyance and patient fulfillment. In this cutting edge world loaded up with multicultural individuals surrounding, it is significant that attendants be readied, aware, recognize and acknowledge the various societies all around. With the most recent improvement in current science and innovation, it is incredible to have an instrument which would create the social data and subtleties of the people on affirmation, to convey proficient consideration.

Knowledge Management Audit Report Free Essays

string(40) positive about releasing their duties. The contextual analysis portrays the issues related with a rule amazing, a five-star lodging arranged In Thailand. At first the lodging was performing great under Thai General Manager; anyway since the takeover by an enormous American inn network, rule terrific inn was encountering weakening conditions with respect to its business and notoriety. Mr. We will compose a custom exposition test on Information Management Audit Report or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now . Becker was enlisted as another General Manger if Regency Grand Hotel. He was Interested in applying the ideas, techniques, approaches and systems of lodging the board which he prior rehearsed effectively in the US to the Regency Grand Hotel. Mr.. Backer’s achievement was for the most part on securing were the activities were encountering low spirit and poor gainfulness. One of the significant focuses For this situation study Is the way that Regency Grand Hotel was not encountering low resolve and poor productivity. Indeed Regency Grand Hotel was one of the top performing inns of Thailand were worker fulfillment was high. Mr.. Backer’s ability was in effectively actualizing administration procedures in a sinking association instead of in a built up and stable association. Research has demonstrated that the correct representative ought to be recruited at the ideal time. [r] One of the significant issues as depicted for the situation study is the execution of same Human Resource Management Strategy in various nations. This Human Resource Management technique by Becker included presenting the idea of decentralization at Regency Grand Hotel. As per Becker, this system will yield improved worker inspiration and in general Job fulfillment which will awkward lead to more benefits. This technique was effectively Implemented by Becker In his past assignments. Becker was sure of accomplishing positive outcomes by Introducing this technique right away. One examination shows that training of Human Resource The executives can change across nations mostly in light of adjustment of administrative practices and social quirk [Snell and Dean, 1 992, Salk and Brannon, 2000]. Heaved contends that national societies sway the perspectives and practices of representatives (Hefted, 1980). This Is valid on account of Mr.. Becker. Since he originated from United States and had been effectively rehearsing Human Resource Management with representatives showing us culture, he had an outlook reflecting us employee’s conduct towards the board practice. Moreover, Mr.. Becker was of the feeling that a similar Human Resource Management could be polished in Thailand without understanding that there would be orderly contrasts that may have existed in Human Resource Management in various nations. The executives by Objective Is the way toward determining destinations inside an association to guarantee that the workers at the administrative level and non administrative level live with the goals set fourth so they can completely comprehend what is required and what should be done inside an association. Studies have demonstrated that profitability inside an association increments if Management by Objective program is propelled (Robbins and Coulter, 2005, 165). Notwithstanding, Becker Introduced the idea of decentralization yet couldn't Implement It unpleasantly. Becker burned through most AT Nils story shrivel ten operational level workers. This came about in Backer’s direct correspondence with the operational level representatives which helped the workers better comprehend what Becker needed and anticipated from them. In any case, the supervisor’s strengthening job was limited which brought about horrible showing. Researchers have composed that commonly concurred destinations are gone ahead between representatives. Becker executed him decentralization plan in the wake of getting endorsement from a few instead of all administrators ND division heads. The vast majority of the researchers concur that the Management by Objective is effective on the off chance that it is executed from top to down while guaranteeing total support [Rodgers, R. ; Hunter, J. E. 1991]. At the point when force and control in partook in association, the general adequacy increments. (Organelle et al. , 2007)The strengthening is utilized as the board apparatus which enables representatives to rehearse inventive methodology while working. Moreover, strengthening is the force which is moved from top level to base level [(Teach et d. 0 04).. Sharpened (1997) contended that strengthening ought to have higher level of openness and responsibility while having the opportunity to act. This implies the board so as to engage their representatives, must guarantee that the workers will be inspired and submitted. This will assist them wi th accomplishing authoritative objectives while the odds of a worker to stop will fundamentally lessen. Worker strengthening has been defensiveness’s ways, however K defrosts et al. (2007), Money and Hankie (2006) and Honed (1997) concurred that the center component of strengthening includes giving representatives area or scope over certain errand related exercises. Smith and Mold, (1998) characterized strengthening as an exchange of rower stream the business to the representatives to settle on brisk and quality choice. Sharpened (1997) contended that strengthening isn't just having the overwhelmed to act, yet additionally having higher level of duty and responsibility. This shows the executives must engage their me people groups so they will be roused dedicated fulfilled and help the associations accomplishing destinations Mohammedanize workers expectation to stop. Moving capacity to the representatives ought to be finished with due ingenuity, simultaneously workers to whom the force is moved to, must be considered responsible for their activities. Responsibility will ingrain discipline in using the rare assets ideal to help the association and different partners. In this manner, workers ought to be engaged through, sharing data, self-sufficiency in settling on choices and improving their scholarly limit. Welling et al (1991) comparatively suggested that an association that engages their representatives will have the option to endure and develop in any condition. Mohammed and Prevail (1998) contended that strengthening is a perspective and enabled representatives mind encounters sentiments of, (1) authority over the Job to be performed, (2) attention to the setting in HCI the work is performed, (3) responsibility for individual work yield, (4) shared obligation regarding unit and authoritative execution and (5) value in the prizes dependent on individual and aggregate execution. The Cognitive model of strengthening, characterizes strengthening on a wide term, which Includes ten reassure AT ProvoEng representative Witt veritable Coo enlistment Ana chances to have their voice heard having genuine force for control and impact over work forms, which prompts representatives to be positive about releasing their obligations. You read Information Management Audit Report in class The board This model further underscores that associations have no alternatives but to engage their representatives for motivation behind endurance, development and increment effectiveness and being intensity. Further, the model of work group viability proposed by Cohen et al. (1996) remarked that representative strengthening ought to be the essential concentration for any administrator who attempts to structure powerful self overseeing work groups in association. Organelle et al. (2007) recommended that, similar to the idea of intensity, strengthening can be seen in two different ways. To begin with, it very well may be seen as a social lead †which me that supervisors should appoint capacity to the subordinates. Also, a persuasive develop where worker strengthening is viewed as a plan to propel representatives in association. In this manner engaged representatives feel spurred when they are offered self-rule to settle on choice about their work or are associated with the arranging procedure of Ethel association. Along these lines representative strengthening infers that force is conceded to the workers or assignment of power. Correspondingly, Procter et al (1999) proposed that for the utilization of the term strengthening of individuals to be important, there must be a certifiable move in the locus of intensity away from the top administration to the shop floor. Scuffle (2004) contended that strengthening is a complex intelligent procedure which includes the demonstration of creating and expanding capacity to the subordinates. Also they distinguished five center mimeo which can upgrade strengthening in associations and these incorporates instructing of representatives, driving, tutoring, supporting and demonstrating appropriate structures to improve worker strengthening in association. This obviously shows strengthening is a multi-monsoonal process which includes numerous frameworks of the association and is a progressing procedure. Lloyd expense al. 1999) attested that, directors should go about as mentors and help representatives to take care of issues. Administrators ought to enable subordinates by designating susceptibilities and helping them when they have issues and along these lines workers will feel increasingly happy with their supervisors and they will believe them to be reasonable and consequently they will perform to their manage r’s desires. Representatives should be aided the procedure of strengthening. Participative administration, administrators must engage their representatives by permitting them to take an interest in choice m a h g process. For fretfulness the model of worker strengthening hypothesized by Mammal and Securest (1996) contended that representative strengthening has been expounders the idea of participative administration. The model accentuated that strengthening to squeeze a solid establishment in associations; supervisors ought to characteristically propel the conduct of their workers and must discharge a portion of their position and duty to different degrees of the association. Sharpened (1997) likened representative strengthening as the board by-stress technique that pushes individuals and frameworks to the limit by compelling laborers to accomplish more.

Best Theaters in the World

Best Theaters in the World The Most Beautiful Theaters in the World You Will Never Forget Home›Tips for Students›The Most Beautiful Theaters in the World You Will Never Forget Tips for StudentsPeople have always come to the theater for different reasons: to relax, to be amused or entertained, to have a good laugh, to enjoy the acting of their favorite actors. If you are a real theater lover, this list is especially for you. You ought to visit, by all means, one of the following performing venues before you kick the bucket. Put off all your work, read the list carefully and start planning your cultural vacation.Plunge into the atmosphere, history, and character of the most beautiful places on earth â€" theaters.Minack Theater, Cornwall, EnglandRowena Cade’s brainchild â€" one of the today’s most amazing theaters â€" was built in the garden and dedicated to the local amateur players. Even today, only amateur groups use this venue. The season runs each year from May to September, so don’t miss the chan ce.The Seebühne, Lake Constance, AustriaHave you ever dreamt about seeing the musical performance or a large-scale opera on the floating stage? If yes, you have a chance to buy one of the possible 7,000 tickets to any event at the Bregenz Festival.The Winter Garden, Toronto, CanadaThe Winter Garden belongs to the must see places because it is the last operating double-decker theater today together with the Elgin Theater. Moreover, it is one of the last surviving Edwardian stacked theaters in the world.The Odeon of Herodes Atticus, Athens, GreeceThe so-called ‘Herodeon’ is situated on the Acropolis. Built in 161AD, this stone theater really charms with its beauty. Since the 1950s, the Odeon of Herodes has been the main venue of the Athens Festival. You can revel in dancing, music, and theatrical performances.Sydney Opera House, Sydney, AustraliaIt really belongs to the amazing theaters with a charming beauty. The Sydney Opera House experiences more than 1,600 multiple performanc es each year. A famous world’s landmark hosts annually near 1.2 million visitors. That is why it is considered to be one of the world’s busiest theaters.It is not much of exaggeration to say that theater really influences the way you think and feel about your own life and encourages you to take a hard look at yourself, your values, and your behavior. So, book tickets now in order not to miss the chance to make one of your inmost dreams come true. The way to arts is always open to us. Just find time to spare in your busy life. Art never dies, it is perpetual.

Women s Rights During The Early Twentieth Century

Women’s rights in the early twentieth century were not a major weakness in America’s society. After our nation was formed and our government was established, women wanted to have a part in equality. A right to vote, education, three waves of feminism and jobs are a few major topics that went on in the movement. The women who had their mind set on making their way to the top never gave up. It will start women thinking, and men too; and when men and women think about a new question, the first step in progress is taken. Said by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, shows how the road to success in women’s rights took place. With women fighting for there equality, they needed to get men to be on the same page. In 1890, the radical and moderate wings of the woman suffrage movement in the United States merged to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). Women were beginning to really speak out in ways of what they felt was right. After Susan B. Anthony stepped down from office, new eager women came about. Carrie Chapman Catt served as president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association from 1900 to 1904 and again from 1915 to 1920. She and Anna Howard Shaw, president of the NAWSA from 1904 to 1915, represented the new leadership in the movement for women s rights. Catt really dedicated her life to the women suffrages foundations. A main foundation that she focused on was the NAWSA. (Gorman, Robert F.; Marisco, Katie) One of their first public acts was toShow MoreRelatedUnequal Rights For Women And Gender Inequality1732 Words   |  7 PagesUnequal rights for women and gender inequality have been a plague across European society since the dawn of time. It was not until the late eighteenth century that women’s rights activists, such as Mary Wollstonecraft, began to take action against this inequality. Through the perseverance of these activists, major reforms for equality began to arise during the nineteenth and twentiet h centuries, both being time periods that marked a profound era for women and the progression of women’s rights. DuringRead MoreA Worn Path By Eudora Welty Essay1702 Words   |  7 PagesResearch Paper The introduction of historical figures, events, and documents sparked in the twentieth century. Documents such as, the Declaration of independence, Bill of Rights, United States Constitution, and the Gettysburg Address are some examples of historical documents. These documents carry such a heavy meaning that the blood and gore that were included are often ignored. Although when the Civil Rights movement is mentioned, there are judgments that are made and accusations that follow. WhyRead MoreFlappers, Conservativism and Changes in Fashion1103 Words   |  4 PagesSince the early twentieth century, there have been many fads and changes in the fashion industry. From cloche hats in the early 1900s, to big hair in the 1980s and to the low rise of jeans of the present day fashion still continues to evolve with the way society changes. The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines fashion as, a popular way of dressing at a particular time or among a particular group of people. Throughout histo ry, fashion has been changing. Whether it is a group wanting to make a fashionRead MoreFeminism Is Not About Making Women Stronger1441 Words   |  6 PagesFeminism is not about making women stronger. Women are already strong. It s about changing the way the world perceives that strength. - G.D Anderson      Our culture in the early Twentieth Century was biased in many ways, as it still is to this day in the Twenty-first Century. One of the major struggles were men s biased writing about women. Many women then and to this day still stand up and try to fight for equality. Women used to be  given certain roles to be a part of society in our history.Read MoreOppression in Cuckoos Nest1621 Words   |  7 Pagesoppress women and Native Americans. â€Å"One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest,† and â€Å"The Life You Save May Be Your Own,† are similar due to the fact that they both metaphorically represent racism in the United States; it is clearly displayed through entrapment, subjugation of people, and prejudicial undertones used to limit the societal roles of those who face bigotry. The forced entrapment of Chief Bromden in â€Å"One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest,† represents the forsaken lives of the Native Americans during theRead MoreHow Chinese Culture Has Changed Over The Years1509 Words   |  7 Pagestraced back many centuries. It is so diverse and unique, yet harmoniously blended, and presents itself a priceless benefit to the world. One of the integral parts of Chinese culture that was not thoroughly discussed in class is the role Chinese women played in ancient traditional society and how it has transformed in the many historical changes is the way of life in china. I aim to speak on women in ancient times, women at the end of feudal society as well as the role of women in present day ChinaRead MoreThe Great Depression1133 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The only thing we have to fear is fear itself,† is a famous quote once said during the Great Depression by Franklin D. Roosevelt. After one world war, great financial fallout, and another world war to follow, the twentieth century was already shaping out to be a handful. When the Great Depression was coming to an end and the economy was trying to turn around, jobs started opening up and a new wave of immigrants came into New York, the Puerto Ricans. For some the American dream was to come toRead MoreThe Straight State : Homosexuality And Citizenship Durin g Twentieth Century America Essay1416 Words   |  6 Pagesto light during the twentieth century and is still prevalent today. There are arguments by certain individuals that claim that discrimination of those who identify as non-heterosexual have disappeared. I would argue that such discrimination is still alive and present in our modern society. Very noticeable today with the values of our Vice-President Elect Mike Pence who thinks that homosexuality can be â€Å"fixed† through electric shock therapy. Values like this are similar to that held during the twentiethRead MoreKatherine Anne Porter: History in Context Essays1178 Words   |  5 Pages Is a womans strength determined by her endurance to stay in a hurtful relationship or is it determined by her ability to move on? The early twentieth century is known to women as the era of exuberance. (Gilbert 1205) During the early twentieth century women began to find the answer to the question at hand deeply rooted within themselves. The answer for Katherine Anne Porter seemed to be her ability to move on based on the actions she chose in her real life. Does her literatureRead More Human Gender and Mathematics Essay1381 Words   |  6 Pagesand Mathematics Is there a difference in the mathematical ability between men and women? Historians have no precise method of quantifying or comparing their individual accomplishments (Olsen). Not only in mathematics, but also in many other career areas in the past, women were looked upon as inferior to their male counterparts. Women were not encouraged to pursue a career in mathematics. Historically, women were seen working around the home, cleaning the house, taking care of the children, and

Online Dating Is More And More Convenient For A Lot Of...

Online dating Online dating is more and more convenient for a lot of people with the development of technology. So what is online dating? Online dating is a dating system which allows people to make contact and communicate with each other over the internet. More and more people feel lonely with increasing pressure from all sides. But we cannot always get rid of loneliness! No one to share the feelings of the most lonely, so every one of us is not necessarily lonely, but inevitably lonely! Fortunately, the age of the internet has quietly arrived. I read two articles which about online dating with the opposite opinions. Through all the information which I got from two articles, the â€Å"There Is No Difference Between Online and ‘Real-Life’ Dating† which is written by Maureen O Connor is stronger than â€Å"You Can’t Find Real Love Online† which is written by Zaron Burnett III, because she has the amount of statistical evidence, logical reasons to support his main p oint. From the beginning of the article â€Å"There Is No Difference Between Online and ‘Real-Life’ Dating†, the author is talking about there are a lot of American adults use dating website or apps, also the people who use online dating is growing. Online dating, which â€Å"is not an experiment we perform, but a behavior integral to the creation and maintenance of modern relationships.†(O Connor, 2013). Though most adults does not search the information online about someone you dated in the past, and more than a half use theShow MoreRelatedWhy Are Online Dating Websites?1407 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many different online dating websites, so how would you know how to pick the right one. One of the more popular companies is called eHarmony that started in 2000, research by Gupta, Murtha, and Patel supports, under the premise that it matched couples scientifically on 29 dimensions of compatibility. Unlike other dating sites, eHarmony focuses specifically on creating lifelong matches and has marketed the company accordingly. Originally, eHarmony was based on strong Christian principlesRead MoreFinding Time For A Love Life1368 Words   |  6 Pageson people’s priority list. More often than not everyday life such as a job, school, friends, and family come first. In today’s society online dating has become an easy, almost effortless solution to this problem. People of all ages, genders, and sexual orientation are taking to the Internet to find what we feel we all deserve; love. Unfortunately, while online dating is more convenient than traditional dating it also comes with its fair share of dangers. Online dating has become an easily accessibleRead MoreOnline Dating : Becoming An Art1611 Words   |  7 PagesEnter the online dating sites, with its anonymity, lists of potential dates, compatibility indicators, and virtually instant results. A guaranteed sellers market! As if this wasn t alluring enough, Online dating sites feature gushing testimony on their front pages along with lists of marriages for which they take full credit, thank you very much, and all of this good news is decorated with photos of happy, smiling couples. That s all very effective. There are now so many online dating sites thatRead MoreWendy Chang Rapid evolution of modern600 Words   |  3 Pagesprogresses, technology is becoming more and more advanced. Most people would think that the use of internet changed our life totally. Looking back decades ago we never realized that how our life changed due to the technology. The development and improvement of technology has greatly improved our lives. It has led to a far better, easier and very comfortable life for the people. Nowadays we cannot imagine life without technology because it makes life more convenient and increases our standard of livingRead MoreSocial Medi Effects On Relationships1178 Words   |  5 Pagesaffected culture in many ways, mostly relationships. People who are affected by the change in their culture do to society, don’t realize the change that has occurred. Over the years social media has drastically increased and plays a huge role within relationships causing insecurity. Dating sites like EHarmony, Christian Mingle, and others have grown in popula rity. Not only have the dating sites become more predominant, there are even ways to have dates online as opposed to in person. Social media containsRead MoreThe Dangers Of The Internet1053 Words   |  5 Pagesletters, telephone, television and most recently the internet. The internet is used by millions around the world who believe that it is an amazing technology that has changed the world, however there are many who worry about the dangers and disadvantages of the internet. This has caused a lot of controversy as on one hand people say that the internet has brought lots of positive aspects to us, and on the other hand people say that it should have more safety regulations to prevent the negative aspectsRead MoreCell Phones And Its Impact On Human Life1499 Words   |  6 Pagesradio-car-phones made on June 17, 1946, by NAL research. According to an online article, these radio-car-phones were first used for communication between policemen and later were permitted to be used by taxi drivers. These radio-car-phones could be used on the highway between New York, and Boston. These radio-car-phones were also k nown as push-to-talk phones. Unfortunately, these heavy 35 to 44 MHz phones had a lot of interference and had more cons than pros. Which eventually led ATT to declare that thisRead MoreThe Internet Age Has Affected Our Society Essay1448 Words   |  6 Pagesnew form of communication had spread like wildfire and became popular—it is known as digital language, or internet age. Consequently, this new phenomenon affected nearly everyone in our modern society and, as many other innovations, came with its benefits and drawbacks through the means of social networks, childhood development software and a habit-forming concept. While I agree that the internet age has affected our society in both, positive and negative ways, I strongly disagree with an idea whichRead MoreDoes Communication Improve The Development Of Social Network?1151 Words   |  5 Pagesbe dominated by text messages, voice messages, and instant messages. However, the most prominent means of communication today are the social network sites like the Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, WhatsApp and other social networks (Bailey 30). The Internet has revolutionized communication significantly, where most of these social network tools are operated. Such redefinition of communication by the social networks has had a massive impact on a number of areas, and the basic rules and norms of communicationRead MoreMy Experience At Home Enjoying Good984 Words   |  4 Pageswill love me for the person that I am so that I can do the same with her. But this is the internet so I will not kid myself so just friends will be fine to start and it can go where it goes But someday I hope to be in a relationship/dating someone that could maybe lead to marriage. I have been married before, about 15 years ago, but that didn t work out. I do know that by using the internet I will meet people from all over the world that I could not have met in any local place. Personally, I enjoy

Is Marriage Out of Style Free Essays

Research Essay Wendy Is marriage out of style? What is the most popular topic of girls? The answer to the question is â€Å"love and marriage†. It’s true. Almost all of girls hope Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Marriage Out of Style or any similar topic only for you Order Now Right would appear with â€Å"glass slipper† next second. As a girl, I have taken part in lots of talks about marriage with same-aged girls. However, my cousin is an exception. I had to listen to her â€Å"Single Theory† whenever I mentioned the imagination of marriage. She said, â€Å"Marriage is out of date. It will be not necessary anymore. † At that time, I was too young to distinguish whether she is right. As I grew up, I found that most people debate marriage from the following five aspects: Is marriage just a form of commitment? Would cohabitation replace it? Is marriage the tomb of love? Does it lead people to losing freedom? Whether marriage is still necessary as women have been more and more independent? To begin, as with women becoming more and more independent, many of them get the same idea as Caroline. On the BBC News, she says that women have been changing their values and increasing independence recently. They get their own jobs and have enough ability to support themselves; therefore, Caroline thinks it’s no need for women to get marriage. (Caroline, 1997). It seems true on this aspect, while I prefer Rich Rivers’ viewpoint. For the question â€Å"Do independent women need a permanent man or marriage† on the home page of Helium, he responds that a woman needs a man in her life to talk with and she â€Å"needs a shoulder to lean on and cry on† whether she is independent or not. (Rich Rivers, 2006). Personally speaking, becoming independent is a good thing; however, it doesn’t mean independent women don’t need marriage or stable life. Independence aside, freedom after marriage is also one of the issues people worry about, especially for men. According to James Walsh in his essay â€Å"Why People Don’t Want to Get Married†, he mentions that marriage kills freedom. You have to give up parties and report to your â€Å"spouse† that â€Å"where you are at a particular time and how long will it be before you reach home†. (James Walsh). Yes, marriage adds another person to your life and â€Å"places you a huge responsibility on your shoulders†; nevertheless, every coin has two sides. In Michael G. Lawer’s essay â€Å"Changing Catholic Models of Marriage†, he writes that spending time on your â€Å"spouse† can improve your â€Å"mutual relationship†. (Michael G. Lawler, 2001). You can share the happiness and sorrow with him or her, which lightens your burden. From this viewpoint, I don’t think marriage is the killer of freedom. Besides independence and freedom, both men and women believe marriage out of date because it is the grave of love. In Zhao Xu’s essay â€Å"Marriage is the Grave of Love†, he writes â€Å"Marriage is the manifestation of love when two people are just getting married, and it is a killer of love as well when they have got married. (Zhao Xu, 2009). I believe with no doubt until I saw PS SR Branch Welfare Services Group’s essay â€Å"Family Life Education Series-Why do we get married nowadays†. In this essay, it states that love exists between the two people all along. They feel dull because th ey completely â€Å"expose† themselves after marriage. (PS SR Branch Welfare Services Group). For my part, marriage just reflects people’s natural personalities, and makes life more realistic. It cannot be regarded as the grave of love. Cohabitation is also a thing that affects people’s viewpoint about marriage. Statistics supplied by Nation statistics shows that from 1996 to 2006, the proportion of marriage couple families decreased from 76 percent to 71 percent, while the cohabitating rate increased to 14 percent from 9 percent. (Nation statistics, 2007). Another statistics showed by Hewitt Belinda, â€Å"In Australia, the proportion of marriages preceded by cohabitation has risen from 30% in the 1980’s to around 75% in 2003. †(Hewitt Belinda, 2006). It seems that cohabitation may take the place of marriage in the future. On the contrary, in the essay of Po Bronson Ashley Merryman, Has Being Married Gone Out of Style, they point out that couple just cohabitate before they marriage; they will get marry ultimately. ( Po Bronson Ashley Merryman, 2006). As far as I’m concerned, cohabitating before marriage can lower the divorce rate. It indicates that cohabitation can be a step of marriage, but cannot replace it. The last thing is the commitment, which is ignored as the increasing rate of divorce. On the BBC News, Lissa Hynes says marriage is going out of fashion because it is just a form. Lisa Haynes, 1999). Deep down, I disagree with her statement, and support the superiority of the idea of Kelly Knowles. On the same home page of BBC News, she says that marriage means the â€Å"permanent relationship† and it declares your happy life to others. (Kelly Knowles, 1999). In my opinion, besides this, marriage is also the protection for each side of the couple. It’s not just a form. Afte r get so many ideas, have you already got a better perception about marriage? Well, I have. Everyone needs a stable marriage, and so do independent women. To some extent, an independent woman needs much more care from a man than others. Marriage doesn’t bind you; as long as you deal it properly, you’ll realize how wonderful marriage is. Marriage represents not only a form of commitment, but also an approach to show your happy life and a safeguard for your love. High divorce rate means people want to have high quality marriage rather than living together without love. Marriage doesn’t kill your love; it reflects the truth of love. It is a filter, and only the true love family can remain romance forever. By seeing this, you may ask â€Å"why don’t cohabitate†. Imagine you’re a parent. If your daughter fell in love with a guy who refuses to marry her, but just live with her, would you feel relieved to let them together? Absolutely not! Is cohabitation all right before marriage? Maybe, but your bottom line must be making sure that your daughter has a stable and happy marriage. As I mentioned before, cohabitation has good effect on marriage, but it cannot replace it. Indeed, different people have different opinions. It doesn’t matter if you still think marriage is not necessary anymore. Time and experience will tell you the truth. Do you remember my cousin who vows solemnly to be single? She has already got married and had a lovely baby. Isn’t it the most wonderful life? Marriage is destiny, and it won’t be out of style forever! References Caroline. (1997). BBC News. Retrieved April 1, 2009 from http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/talking_point/33312. stm Hewitt Belinda. (2006). ‘Trial Marriage’: Is premarital cohabitation an effective risk minimisation strategy for marriage breakdown? Retrieved April 11, 2009, from http://eprints. qut. edu. au/6134/1/Hewitt_FIN. pdf James Walsh. Why People Don’t Want to Get Married. Retrieved April 3, 2009, from http://www. rightarticle. com/Article/Why-People-Don-t-Want-to-Get-Married-/67388 Kelly Knowles. (1999). BBC News. Retrieved April 1, 2009, from http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/talking_point/452257. stm Lisa Haynes. (1997). BBC News. Retrieved April 1, 2009, from http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/talking_point/33312. stm Michael G. Lawler. (2001). Changing Catholic Models of Marriage. Retrieved April 3, 2009, from http://www. americamagazine. org/content/article. cfm? article_id=1796 Nation statistics. (2009). Overview of Families. Retrieved April 11, 2009, from http://www. statistics. gov. uk/cci/nugget. asp? id=1865 Po Bronson Ashley Merryman. (2006). Has Being Married Gone Out of Style. Retrieved April 11, 2009, from http://www. time. com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1547431,00. html? cnn=yes PS SR Branch Welfare Services Group. Family Life Education Series-Why do we get married nowadays. Retrieved April 3, 2009, from http://www. police. gov. hk/offbeat/849/eng/f01. htm Rich Rivers. Helium. Retrieved April 5, 2009, from http://www. helium. com/items/1412961-do-independent-women-need-a-permanent-man-or-marriage How to cite Is Marriage Out of Style, Papers

Organisational Change and Development Management

Question: Discuss about the Organisational Change and Development Management. Answer: Introduction: As discussed by Dalcher (2014) MBO or Management By Objectives is a process of performance management, where the employees and the superior authorities come together to identify and set their performance goals to achieve and create standards for assessing and evaluating the performance and decide the course of action to be followed. Here, in the case study, the MBO was not much successful in attaining the organizational goals. As mentioned by Vinogradova et al. (2016) mismanagement of the MBO process may cause lack of objective clarity and dissatisfaction among the customers. In the given case, the organization faced the same issue. As discussed by Sharma (2013) for obtaining success through MBO, the companies need to create unambiguous, clear, realistic, relevant and time bound key performance indicators. However, the lack of clarity in the organizational objectives and specified line of action for the teams and the employees; may lead a company face employee dissatisfaction and increased turnover rate. Here, the companies need to specify the exact course of action and strategy for attaining the employee objectives. Moreover, as mentioned by Hoffmann-Burdzi?ska and Flak (2016) for the success of the MBO, it is important to set the objectives with mutual communication and consensus of both the managers and the employees. Lack of employee satisfaction with the objectives may lead to the employee turnover. Hence, the management needs to involve the employees for setting their own goals. Moreover, while evaluating the performance, it is important for the companies to maintain the previously set standards. Anomaly in the evaluation criteria may lead to decreased level of commitment and employee satisfaction. Initial ideas, scope and limitations: For attaining the goal of financial efficiency, the company may opt for creating specified financial goals for the employees with standard course of action. With involving them in the formulation of the performance evaluation criteria, and maintaining the previously set standard for evaluation, the company may achieve improved employee efficiency and thus reduction of total organizational cost (Sharma 2013). The issue involved in the case study was mainly dealing with the financial inefficiencies. Here, the top management set the MBO goals without any prior setting any SMART objectives (Dalcher 2014). Lack of clarity in the course of action for the employees created failure in other organizational activities (increased labour cost). Moreover, as discussed by while setting the performance evaluation criteria, the MOB managers failed align the organizational objectives with the employee objectives. It failed to identify an all inclusive approach for the attainment of the organizational objectives. Moreover, as discussed by Sharma (2013) the measuring criteria of performance needs to be rightly aligned to the managerial objectives. In the provided case, the objective was reduction of the total organizational cost, but the management did not appreciate the performance of the employees for not meeting the criteria of labour cost. Here, the ambiguity in the evaluation criteria made the employees feel agitated. The limitation of the MBO strategies maintained by Valley Wide Utilities Company was the failure of providing a clear performance standard for employee appraisal. Here, in this case, the president appointed two employees for taking decisions for rest of the others. It led to unrealistic goal settings and lack of employee engagement in the attainment of the objectives (Hoffmann-Burdzi?ska and Flak 2016). Lack of employee involvement and thus the setting of unrealistic objectives led to faulty achievement of organizational objective and employee dissatisfaction. References: Dalcher, D., 2014. Whatever happened to management by objectives? Learning to look beyond goals.PM World Journal. Hoffmann-Burdzi?ska, K. and Flak, O., 2016. Management By Objectives As A Method Of Measuring Teams'effectiveness.Journal of Positive Management,6(3), pp.67-82. Sharma, N., 2013. Management by Objectives and its implication in Indian Management.International Journal of Organizational Behaviour Management Perspectives,2(1), p.245. Vinogradova, M.V., Larionova, A.A., Maloletko, A.N. and Kaurova, O.V., 2016. The Use of MBO (Management of Objectives) Method of Attraction and Evaluation of Effectiveness of Investments to the Tourism and Hospitality.International Review of Management and Marketing,6(2S).

Craving Perfection Essays - Eating Disorders, Psychiatric Diagnosis

Craving Perfection Craving Perfection Nobody knew, I would eat enough for four, go to the washroom after every meal, or starve for three days straight. For ten years, nobody knew I had a problem with food?I fooled everybody. Nobody knew, not even me, that my eating disorder was never about food, I had been feeding myself love, safety, security and strength. I could conquer the world, be anybody, d anything when I was eating. When I felt I was loosing control of my eating, I starved and immediately, I regained control.? This statement comes from Sheila Mather, author of Leaving Food Behind. In this autobiographical book she discusses her long battle with eating disorders. Eating disorders affect many people throughout the world. Unfortunately anorexia is on the up rise in our society. In the United States there are at least 8,000,000 victims. Upsettingly, six to eight percent of these cases die. A whopping 90% of anorexics are women, although the percentage of males with eating disorders is increasing. This topic is not to be taken lightly; people are starving themselves to ?perfection?. Anorexia Nervosa as defined in The American College Dictionary is; a disorder usually occurring in teenage women, characterized by a fear of obesity; a distorted self-image, an aversion to food and severe weight loss. However, this disease impacts a person in many more ways than what is defined. It is both an emotional and physical disease. It is an obsession that usually begins as a diet to loose a few pounds. For many victims it is an issue of control. Anorexia Nervosa usually strikes those who have problems with friends or family. They blame themselves if they don't get perfect grades, or if other things in their life are not perfect. People with anorexia believe they would be happier and more successful if they were thin. They feel that controlling what they eat they compensate for other issues that are not in their hands. They feel a sense of accomplishment when they go without eating, and they loathe in guilt when they give in and eat. As a result of this guilt they will rely on laxatives and appetite suppressants. A young woman by the name of Christine died from anorexia nervosa at the age of twenty-two. She struggled with this disease for seven years. Her weight drastically dropped from 120 to 60 pounds. At times she was known to swallow up to 150 laxatives a day. A common subtype of anorexia is bulimia. Anorexics will self-induce vomiting after eating. At times they will binge, eating everything in sight. Although this illness is just as threatening to the body, people with bulimia usually don't lose as much weight as people with anorexia. Society plays a major role in the development of this disease. Magazines and television place pressure on young women to be skinny. They strive to be ?perfect? in society. Judy Sargent, a recovered anorexic comments on society's part in the number of people struggling with eating disorders: ? I believe that the media has a profound impact on young girls/women (and increasingly men) in our culture. Young people in our society are socialized to believe that the emaciated (starved) bodies of models portrayed in magazines and on television are the ?American ideal'?. An anorexic will avoid eating to the point of emaciation where the damage to his or her body is irreversible. Once the disease takes over they can no longer make realistic judgements on their body. They have distorted body images. Anorexia affects the body in a multitude of ways. Starvation causes many complications, other than the obvious weight loss Hypothermia is a result of the loss of the body's natural insulation (body fat). This drop in body temperature causes an anorexic to be cold constantly. The body will put up a natural defense by producing fine hair all over the body. Another result of anorexia nervosa is hyperactivity. Most anorexics will exercise compulsively to get rid of unwanted calories, and loose more weight. This obsession will lead to excessive energy until later in the disease. Hyperactivity will also cause sleeplessness, or insomnia in most patients. Amenorrhea occurs in female anorexics. Severe weight loss will affect a woman's menstrual cycle

“The World is Flat” Essay Example

â€Å"The World is Flat† Essay Example â€Å"The World is Flat† Paper â€Å"The World is Flat† Paper Name: Course: Instructor: Date: Book report on â€Å"The World is Flat† 1. The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Friedman is an elaborate work, which provides the effects of globalization in the 21 century. The term â€Å"the world is flat† is used metaphorically and is used to indicate the dire need for level playing ground for global commerce and business. A level playing ground for commerce is essential in that it provides the competitors with similar market conditions for growth of commerce. Additionally, the term â€Å"the world is flat† is an indication of the increasing irrelevance of geographic and social boundaries in the world (Friedman, pp. 41). Hence, organizations in the contemporary business setting are increasing their competitiveness and profitability using aspects such a technology and globalization to enhance their cause in achievement of global competitiveness. The author provides that he as an advocate for liberalization of markets to result in global free trade. He also provides criticism to states around the world resisting the changes in terms of global commerce and business. The book is based on individual research, individual reflections and conversations with the public. Friedman provides that there are ten flatteners of the world which aid in making the business and commerce fair for all organizations in the world. The first flattener is collapse of The Berlin Wall in September 11 1989. The author describes in the book that, â€Å"When the walls came down, and the windows came up.† (Friedman, pp. 45). It symbolized the end of the cold war and gave way for people from either sides of the wall to engage in rebuilding the society and economies as well as engage in constructive commerce. In essence the fall of the Berlin war was an indication of the end of communism and paved way for technological changes such the increased use of personal computers for interactions and use in commerce. Technological advancements peaked during this period resulting in the introduction of new products such as Windows, personal computers, word processing, dial up modems and standards tools for communication such as global telephone communication system. Such have e nhanced globalization through improved channels for communication. The entry of Netscape into the field of technology was a main flattener in that the firm instigated the access of the internet to a larger part of the population. Netscape enhanced access to the internet from the previous restrictions, which only provided limited numbers of people with access to the internet. This is essential in that it played a significant role in the process of digitization. Products such as music, files, pictures and word documents could be easily accessed from the internet and manipulated by people in the various parts of the world. Hence, the internet has enabled interactions from a global perspective thus increasing commerce from a global perspective. The development of Netscape and its entry into the digital market provided a precedent in terms of digital and other technological advancements around the world. It resulted in the development of the fourth flattener, which is workflow software. This is defined in the book as the interactions of machines without the involvement of human beings. This according to Friedman would provide the world with a new means of interaction through the creation of a new platform for collaboration. In addition, this would also lead to the fourth flattener, which is open sourcing. This is made possible by the presence of an elaborate platform for collaboration of the various online projects. Such include the present online platforms such as Wikipedia, online softwares and blogs. This according to Friedman is, â€Å"the most disruptive force of them all† (Friedman, pp. 53). The fifth flattener is outsourcing which allowed modern day companies to delegate or split activities such as services and manufacturing. This is essential for companies in that they are able to achieve efficiency and costs effectiveness of costs reductions using such approaches. The sixth flattener according to Friedman is offshoring, which the author defines as the ability of organizations to take advantages of incentives provided by other countries necessitating the relocation as a means for cost reduction. Entry of countries into the World Trade Organisation (WTO) has facilitated increased competition in an increasingly competitive world. This is because of the need by such countries to encourage trade in their respective territories with incentives such as lower taxes and operating costs. In addition, offshoring as provided in the book has allowed for the seventh flattener, which is described as supply chaining by Friedman. Supply chaining has increased because of offshoring and collaboration. Supply chaining is widely used by multinational entities in that they focus on diversity of markets to increase profitability and reduce the potency for risks. He points out that successful companies such as Wal-Mart provides an elaborate example for attainment of competitive advantage through diversification, clear lines of supply and distribution of products and services to the customers. The eighth flattener is in-sourcing which entails the execution of services on behalf of other organizations. This enables other entities to reduce their costs of operation as well as increasing the revenues of the entity executing the services for another organisation. The ninth flattener is in-forming, which is the increased ability of the society or people to find information with ease, which is aided and provided by the internet through the various search engines. The last flattener is what Friedman defines as â€Å"the Steroids† which comprises of the modern digital products such as cellular telephones, Personal Digital Assistants., Instant Messengers, iPods and voice Over Internet Protocols. From the ten identified flatteners, it is expressly evident technology has been a major driver towards the achievement of globalization and realization of â€Å"flattening† in Friedman’s words. 2. The â€Å"flattening† of the world has been an inevitable phenomenon in the modern society (Friedman, pp. 61). This is because of the technological advancements evidenced in the modern society through the presence numerous changes in the social interactions as well as in the world of commerce. In addition, it is also evident that commerce and technology have become mutually reliant on each other for relevance. Electronic commerce is evidently increasing in that it has assumed a great position in the society by enabling the society to achieve globalization. Electronic commerce is defined as the sale and procurement of goods and services using information technology systems. Literature provides that there are three specific waves of electronic commerce. This include putting up market information on the world wide web, allowing online orders in terms of sales and purchases and construction of electronic means of exchanges for funds and provision of means for receipt of goods and services. Essentially technology and the related advancements are currently the largest used channels of communication. This is because of the numerous avenues for communication by the internet. This has been a driver of growth in that it has enabled business around the world to assume global expansion strategies as well as accrual of benefits such increased efficiencies and reduced costs of operation. Modern day technology in comparison to traditional technology used in business is different in entirety. This is evidenced by the large-scale application of technology-based products in the execution of tasks in the contemporary organisation. Technology advancements have aided the development of new products, services and new approaches to satisfy the consumer needs and wants as well as providing consumers with profound experiences thus subsequently cultivating customer loyalty. Technology and the internet are the highlights of modern day advancements. They enable simultaneous execution of numerous tasks delegated in an organisation. Hence, an organisation is able to use technology and related products for costs reductions in processes and activities in the organisation. Cost reduction is considered as one of the greatest challenges in the management of an organisation. This is because costs are usually brought about by either necessary or unnecessary processes or activities in the organisation. Technology has been a driver in terms of organizational practices assumed by contemporary organizations (Friedman, pp. 63). Innovation and creativity are also strong points for any organization. This enables an organisation to achieve competitive advantage brought about by new products, services and new approaches in terms of execution of tasks in the organisation. Hence, majority of corporations around the world, if not all corporations around the world, have undertaken the incorporation of electronic commerce as a means of diversifying the market access. The internet provides both individuals and corporations and the society with numerous economic opportunities in an era marked with declining employment and revenue opportunities for individuals and corporations respectively. It provides for intermediation and disintermediation, frictionless commerce and trade, competitive pricing strategies assumed by an organisation and personalized sales and marketing for the consumers. Disintermediation and intermediation arise from need to decrease and increase the value chain especially in respect to the sale or market for soft goods. Disintermediation allows for the reduction of the value chain in specific instances such as the sale of soft goods such as music and files. Majority of this genre of products are sold via the internet. This is good for an economy in that it ensure the reduction in prices of commodities and resulting in subsequent increase in demand of the commodities. It essentially reduces the costs for the producers and the customers. Customer costs are reduced by their ability access goods and services form the comfort of their homes and offices. In addition, it reduces the costs of operation for the producers in that the line of distribution is shortened which also includes the reduction of possible intermediaries who increase costs of services and goods (Friedman, pp. 60). The time for access of goods and services is reduced because of the elimination of intermediaries such as retailers and wholesalers. This is because the producer is involved in direct contact with the consumers. Direct channels of communication are paramount in such relationships between the consumer and the producer in that they provide the consumers with an avenue to air their complaints in terms of the ability of the products or services to provide satisfaction of needs and wants. On the other hand, re-intermediation is brought about in that; the connection with intermediaries such as brokers, wholesalers and retailers provides an organisation with access to a specific market segment. This is essential in that organizations are able to increase their diversity in terms of access o new markets and consumer segments. This provides organizations with the much-needed avenues for improving service delivery to the consumers in the market (Friedman, pp. 69). Commercial opportunities in the internet are available to both organizations and individuals seeking to start enterprises. Frictionless commerce is usually attractive for both the customer and the organisation. This is because it provides mediums, which ensure minimal contact between the customer and the seller. Organizations could use the internet by using approaches, which would ensure that they are able to increase their profitability and levels of competitiveness. Increasing skills and knowledge as it relates to functions in an organisation with respect to technological advancements is paramount in contemporary organizations. Organizations could ensure that they have access to highly qualified individuals with employee programs such as training and development of employees in preparation for the technological changes, which have been gradually changing market conditions and commerce in general. Traditional commerce has been embedded in friction, which arises from issues such as costs of finding partners, costs of gathering information about products and consumers and the costs of establishing customer trust and loyalty. For achievement of frictionless commerce, there is paramount need for individuals in business as well as corporations to ensure they have adequate and perfect information about consumer needs, wants and their respective markets of operation. Organizations could ensure that they have adequate information about the pricing strategies and trends used in a given market. This allows for preparations by an organisation with the aim of ensuring that they maximize their revenues. Pricing strategies should be made with respect tom the demand and supply of goods and services issued by an organisation in its respective market of operation. Miscalculations about pricing of services and goods in a market would be a costly mistake for an organisation (Friedman, pp. 77). Organizations and business people could also take advantage of the technological advancements and ensure their survival using personalized marketing approaches provided by an organisation. Personalized marketing is essential in the contemporary business settings as it provides the organisation with an avenue of attracting potentially loyal consumers of its products and services. Customer trust and loyalty is usually based on the satisfaction of the consumer needs and wants and the provision of the customer with a profound customer experience. Hence, an organisation should be able to invest in marketing approaches, which ensure attraction of new customers. In addition, this could be enhanced by research and development of new products and services in the market. Research and development is paramount for organizations, which aim at achievement of their strategic goals and objectives. Research and development could entail research on new products, strategies, and markets’ viability. This provides the organisation with the much-needed precise information about issues, which relate to the achievement of its strategic goals and objectives. Organizational functions are usually driven by the need to increase profitability through understanding the consumer needs and wants. Understanding the consumer needs and wants is essential in that it provides the organisation with information such as the current and future consumer trends. Such information provides the organisation with information, which could be used in planning and budgeting to ensure the satisfaction of the consumer needs and wants (Friedman, pp. 89). Conclusively customer focus could be achieved with use of technology systems. An organisation usually exists because of the presence of customer who are purchasers of the organization’s services and products. Additionally, organizations could ensure their presence in the internet and provide for electronic payments and the subsequent deliveries of products. such usually provides security to the consumer that he or she is able to get additional value for the services and products purchased from an organisation. Special focus on consumer needs and wants ensures that an organisation has perfect information about the consumer needs, wants and preferences; resulting in the development of goods and services which are sufficient for the consumers in their efforts of satisfaction of their needs and wants.

Mid term assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mid term - Assignment Example is 1.3%, European Union: 1%, Japan: -0.4%, China: 9.8%, India: 6.6%, Ethiopia: 8.5%. (C.I.A., 2009). As a general rule the LDCs tend to have higher average rates of growth as compared to high income economies, which implies that eventually, such poor countries may equal the per capita incomes of wealthier countries, which in an economic term is referred to as: convergence. b. Technological innovation is almost certainly a key driver of long-term economic growth. However, developing economies require more than mere technological advancements, to effectively achieve economic progress since economic growth, in the absence of proper and adequate manufacturing capabilities, along with the implementation of state of the art technological knowhow, no innovation can actually be expected. Moreover, there must be the existence of sufficient resources that facilitate such innovation, which in turn drives economic growth, such as exceptionally high quality of human capital, an adequate level of educational system and science and technology, as well as effective implementation of institutional reforms across the country. c. The institutional reforms must be accompanied by advances in science and technology as well as nation wide political, and legal reform policies. Also, these countries must make optimum utilization of their natural resource base such as wind and solar energy, by taking into consideration the differences in its technological capacity and energy requirements. Furthermore, long term sustainable development can be ensured through partnerships with industrialized nations which enable LDCs to share and implement valuable information regarding policies to ensure growth and development. 2. Vietnam has successfully managed to accomplish a noteworthy reduction in poverty in the recent years which further substantiates the belief that poverty could be concentrated considerably within a specified time limit with the help of effective market reform policies.

Causes Attributed to the Occurrence of Torus Palatinus Essay

Causes Attributed to the Occurrence of Torus Palatinus - Essay Example This type occurs the most frequent with the longer axis in a sagittal direction (Vidic 1511). The nodular torus arises as multiple protuberances, each with an individual base. These protruberances may coalesxe, forming grooves between them. The lobular torus is also a lobulated mass, but it rises from single base. Lobular tori can either be sessile or pedunculated (Neville 21). These exocytoses are usually composed of mature dense cancellous bone with a rim of cortical bone of variable thickness. Occasional minimal osteoblastic activity or even hemopoietic marrow can be seen (Belsky 2061). Most palatal tori are small, measuring less that 2cm in diameter; however, they can slowly increase in size throughout life, sometimes to the extent that they fill the entire palatal vault (Neville 22). Torus palatinus is usually assymptomatic, growing into the the second and third decades of life and often goes unnoticed until middle age (Sisman 269). Like other tori, torus palatinus is benign and is not considered as a disease or pathology. It is not usually indicated for surgical removal unless the torus is interfering with the use of dentures or with the patient's mouth functions. Recurrent mucosal lacerations covering a large torus can also be an indication for surgery. The prevalence of palatal tori has varied widely in a number of... One of the theories published in many journals is that torus palatinus is acquired genetically. In a study done by Gould in 1964 as to the inheritance of torus palatinus & torus mandibularis, he found out that in eight family pedigrees comprising in a total of 125 individuals, the locus for torus palatinus is on an autosome, because of its inheritance regardless of sex. The gene for torus palatinus acts as a simple dominant gene (163). The same conclusion was given by Barbujani, et.al in their segregation analysis study of 99 sibships in 2 samples from Venezuela and Japan with the gene showing variable expressivity and penetrance close to 85% among the populations considered (317). Another study done by Gorsky, Bukai & Shohat on the genetic influence on the prevalence of torus palatinus also yield an autosomal dominant transmission in the vertical transmission of torus palatinus in 19 families. They also saw a significantly higher number of affected offspring (60.3%) observed compare d to the expected figure (50%) for an autosomal dominant trait with full penetrance. Another theory that is also widely accepted is tous palatinus (Last Name) 3 due to environmental factors. This was the conclusion reached by n a study done by Halffman , Scott & Pedersen. They assessed the temporal and spatial variation of torus palatinus on all available Greenlandic Norse skeletons, as well as on samples of medieval Icelanders and Norwegians. They observed that medieval Greenlanders from the Eastern and Western settlements exhibited higher frequencies and more pronounced expressions of palatine torus compared with early 11th century Greenlanders and they

Management Challenges to NGOs

Management Challenges to NGOs INTRODUCTION Management has been defined by Weirich Koontz as the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals, working together in groups, effectively accomplish selected ends or goals (Weirich Koontz, 2005). They also submitted that management is applicable to all kinds of organizations (public, private, not for profit) and that no matter the organization, managers responsibilities are to plan, organize, staff, lead and control in such a way that surplus is created authors (Werich and Koontz 2005). This surplus could mean profit as in the private sector, or meeting a need or having a positive effect, as in the not for profit sectors. So whether an organization was set up in order to sell cars at a profit e.g. Toyota, or set up to meet the dire needs of the poor e.g. Food Aid, management is important if the goals are to be met. However, while the importance of management in all spheres of human living has been highlighted by several authors, the reality of NGO management differs significantly from what obtains in the Public or the Private sectors. Fundamentally, management or managerialism has not been a major concern for many NGOs until very recently. Why was this so? What are the peculiar features of management in this sector? What are the important management challenges facing NGOs and why are they important? While management challenges abound in all sectors, this essay will explore those peculiar in the management of NGOs in order to answer these questions. It will also critically analyse the case study of Project Literacy, a South African NGO to illustrate how some of these challenges were responded to. The essay will focus more on the most important management challenges, which have been taken to be leadership, funding, accountability, performance monitoring evaluation, and scaling up. There are many different kinds of NGOs, however for the purpose of this essay NGOs will be defined as are organisations that are non-political, non-profit, non-governmental, and accountable to their stakeholders and involved in welfare and socio-economic development of people (Rahman, 2007). WHY NGO MANAGEMENT? Since 1960, the number and size of non-profit organizations involved in international relief and development have grown substantially (Carroll, 1992; Clark, 1991; Fisher, 1998; Fowler, 1998; Edwards, 1999). As the sector has expanded, it has been subject to new competitive pressures. In the past, the word management was considered synonymous with business management, but for NGOs, commercial activities are presumed to be against their non-profit mission and scored negatively. Since the last two decades NGOs themselves have realised the importance of management, and academicians along with NGO executives have also started thinking over the issues of vision, mission, strategic planning, goals, effective coordination and communication, human resource development, motivational strategies, bottom lines and leadership. Today more NGOs compete for increasingly scarce donor resources. Both private and institutional donors demand greater financial accountability and more concrete evidence of program impact. Small, independent NGOs find it hard to keep pace with more efficient, larger ones that take advantage of economies of scale in marketing, operations, and support services. The world of competitive market dynamics presents difficult paradoxes to many who work in the NGO sector. They believe that their organizations strength, fuelled by the staffs primary motivation, is in its determination to help people improve their lives. But in this more competitive NGO world, it is no longer enough to simply have good intentions and a strong value orientation. As noted by Lindenberg (2001), those working in the NGO sector now recognize that NGOs that do not adapt their strategies and promote greater impact, efficiency, and accountability run the risk of bankruptcy as well as irrelevance. Yet they fear that too much attention to market dynamics and private and public sector techniques will destroy their value-based organizational culture. It has also been argued elsewhere that the management system for NGOs is supposed to be different from traditional management thoughts given by Fayols Modern Operational Management, Taylors scientific management and Webers Bureaucratic Model, because of their distinctiveness in vision, mission, organisational culture, goals and values from the other two sectors (Rahman 2003). Stemming from Henri Fayols (1916) definition of management as forecasting, planning, organizing coordinating and control, Rahman (2003) gave a possible definition of NGO management: To manage an NGO is to forecast with shared vision, to plan strategically, to operate professionally and to lead culture friendly. In this definition the word organise used by Fayol has been replaced by operate in order to give a more functional touch, and the word control has been replaced by lead because there is a minimum use of control in NGO management as the shared values of NGOs discourage the concentration of power at the hie rarchical levels and in their functions. Having agreed that management has gained importance for NGOs, what then are the key management challenges for NGOs? Though management challenges abound also in the public and private sectors, the NGO sector has a unique complex nature with its own characteristic management challenges ranging from funding problems to leadership, performance monitoring evaluation, accountability, scaling up, human resources, organization culture, and professionalization. The following sections will however focus on the first five challenges I believe a key in NGO management. FUNDING AND INDEPENDENCE Funding is a very major challenge in NGO management. NGOs require funds to carry out programs and maintain the organization. Unavailability of funds for an NGO could mean a total standstill. NGOs could most time depend on government for funding. However, NGOs that depend largely on public finance run the risk of becoming mere government subsidiaries by implementing activities formerly carried out by their own governments or multilateral institutions (Senillosa, 1998). Government policy may differ from the NGOs objectives and/or the beneficiaries interests, which may lead to a conflict of interest. The availability of substantial government grants may tempt NGOs or the program beneficiaries to become involved in programs inconsistent with their own objectives and capacities. The sheer size of government grants and certain government grant restrictions (specific countries, certain social groups, special forms of assistance) may lead to an imbalance in the NGOs programs. Some NGOs have, more or less, become contractors to governments, particularly if they do not have other programs or funding sources. NGOs may become unwilling to criticize government publicly thus softening their advocacy work and/or human rights campaigns. Also, as government funding may be comparatively easy to obtain, there is the risk of the NGO ignoring or downgrading their traditional sources of private funding and traditional relationships with their constituencies. In addition, as non-governmental providers of development services, NGOs (and their programs) became subject to the availability of government funds (with associated uncertainty about magnitudes and timing), to some degree of governmental control and supervision, and to the rules and procedures that went with the receipt and use of public funds. This tended to impose heavy and sometimes excessive requirements on NGO administrative and audit capacities (Van Der Heijden, 1987). Another problem with funding is the issue of rejection of core funding- a situation whereby donors are only willing to pay project costs. According to Bornstein (2003), NGO managers that are not competent enough to incorporate core costs within project proposals usually have their key functions not being funded. Organizational development, experimental pilot approaches and long-term impact analysis are being abandoned due to lack of funds. Finally, financial uncertainty affects planning for NGOs. It has also forced them to look for more financial sources and adopt private sector-like methods like downsizing. Take for example; shortage of funds is forcing many South African NGOs outside the donor loop to diversify income sources. They are redefining their relationships to the state and the market, taking on government contract work, selling services to the private sector and charging user fees. Some have had to downsize and depend on short-term contract staff while others are experimenting with their legal status and turning into non-profit companies. (Bornstein 2003). LEADERSHIP Leadership in NGOs is a matter of concern considering the highly personalized nature of leadership in the sector. The sector is full of anecdotal stories about the detrimental impact of paternalistic founder leaders, charismatic autocrats, or the guru syndrome (Hailey, 1999). On one hand such leaders demonstrate a drive and commitment, and a remarkable ability to mobilize people and resources. While on the other hand they are criticized for dominating organizations, being unaccountable, and failing to adapt to changing circumstances. Chambers (1997) points out that such NGO leaders can achieve many things through their guts, vision and commitment, but the way they use power is a disability that jeopardizes organizational effectiveness. He argues such charismatic leaders are vulnerable to acquiescence, deference, flattery and placation (Chambers, 1997). They are not easily contradicted or corrected. As a result they actively suffocate promising initiatives that may threaten their powe r base, relationships, or position of patronage. The concept of leadership in NGO could also at times be antithetical to the participatory culture espoused by many NGOs. In a sector that believes itself to be more value driven, participatory, and less managerialist than the for-profit business sector, there is an unwillingness to concede the important influence of any one individual leader. Managers in this new era thus have to be conscious of the greater credence given to ideas of equality and participatory democracy in this sector if they are to succeed (Hailey James 2004). Effective NGO leadership also requires the ability to balance a range of competing pressures from different stakeholders in ways that do not compromise the leaders individual identity and values (Hailey James 2004). The leadership of development NGOs face extraordinary challenges as they work with very limited resources in uncertain and volatile political and economic circumstances to help the most marginalized and disadvantaged members of their communities. Civicus referred to the growing deficit in leadership abilities in NGOs. In particular they pointed to rapid turnover of NGO staff in leadership positions into business and government and the difficulty NGOs have in replacing them (Civicus, 2002). All too often this failure of leadership results in programmatic dysfunctionality and even organizational collapse. MONITORING AND EVALUATING PERFORMANCE NGOs are making significant efforts to show how they are performing, a trend impelled by three factors: stricter requirements attached to official aid; doubts about NGO claims to be more effective than governments; post-Cold War shifts in the role of NGOs, which increase their own needs to know what is being achieved, in order to manage the processes of organisational reorientation and transformation. However, almost without exception, NGOs are finding it very difficult to come up with sound, cost effective methods to show the results of their development activities, or even to demonstrate their effectiveness as organisations (Fowler, 1996). Rick Davies attributed the problems of monitoring and evaluating the performance of NGOs to ambitious expectations, complexity caused by scale (hierarchical differences in goals and expectations at various actors levels), diversity of NGO activities, vague objectives, fault-able measuring tools, and absence of baseline information adequate monit oring systems (Davies, 2000). Unlike commercial companies development NGOs do not have the bottom lines of market feedback, profitability, and returns on financial investment, nor do they receive the judgement of citizens through social unrest or the periodic vote. In other words, consumers and voters are the source of performance standards for business and government- but not for NGOs (Fowler, 1996). According to LeCompte (1986), the difficulty in measuring the development performance of NGOs stems from the basic incompatibility between the assumptions on which the aid system is based and the actual process of socio-economic change. Social economic change is mostly contingent as different from the linear model the aid system presupposes. There are three problems with this approach. Firstly, the right ways of doing things cannot all be sufficiently predicted in advance? Secondly, the assumptions seldom hold. And, thirdly, development in the sense of sustained improvement in the lives and circumstances of people who are poor or marginalised does not take place in a linear way under the influence of one single intervention (LeCompte, 1986). As resources move down the aid chain, several things happen which undermine the project approach, and hence limit the ability simply to tie resources and activities to NGO performance in terms of development? Furthermore, the measures of development are very complex, containing both tangible or physical elements and intangible factors of human and organisational processes and capacities. Also, the possibility of attributing the cause of change to an NGOs work is very restricted. ACCOUNTABILITY Who are NGOs accountable to, for what, and how? Concerns about the role and accountability of NGOs have been voiced from different quarters in recent years. As the World Bank (2005) noted, with growth in the influence of NGOs so also are they attracting greater public scrutiny, prompting calls for greater accountability. Some donors, governments, corporations, and international agencies raise important questions about the effectiveness of NGO work and the legitimacy of their advocacy. Some NGOs have also recognized the need to ensure good practice in the wider voluntary sector. The question of accountability is seen as a bureaucratic hurdle at best, and at worst as a threat to achieving an NGOs aims. Some fear that any toughening of accountability may lead to an overbearing influence from funders and governments, which could then lead to cooptation and a deflection of original purpose (Najam, 2000), or lead to the stymieing of innovation and reducing the diversity of NGOs (Cnaan, 1996). The problem of to whom accountability should be towards also arises many times. Accountability is usually upwards to donors and not to the poor who are the most immediately concerned. NGOs just want to show that money is not being misappropriated and that the approved activities are completed rather than that desirable change was achieved, let alone sustainable. Bendell (2006) however argued that democracy and human rights should firmly be at the centre of the debate about NGO accountability. By democratic accountability he meant that NGOs should be more accountable to those with less power who are affected by the organizations actions or decisions the poor. SCALING UP Much has been said about the need for NGOs to increase the impact they are having rather than applying small piecemeal efforts to large scale problems of poverty. Edwards and Hulme (1992) described strategies for scaling up to meet this demand for more impacts. Some NGOs are contented to focus on a single small community within which they work taking a small is beautiful approach to their work (Lewis 2001). Edwards and Hulme (1992) noted three kinds of scaling up for NGOs as; additive (increase size and coverage of programs), multiplicative (gain more leverage by influencing other development actors, thereby reaching more people), and diffusive (transferring its approaches beyond the organizations immediate sphere of influence). Bangladesh Grameen Bank was able to effectively manage the challenge of the scaling up process. The bank impacted a lot of poor people in the immediate community, but rather than growing any larger as an implementing organization, it encouraged the adaptation of its original microcredit delivery model around the world (Lewis 2001). CASE STUDY: PROJECT LITERACY, SOUTH AFRICA This case study is about Project Literacy, an NGO based in South Africa. The NGO was founded in 1973 by Jenny Neser to help provide an opportunity for non-educated marginalized workers to learn how to read, write and learn other basic life skills thereby tackling the problem of very low educational level in the society (projectliteracy.org.za). Just like most NGOs, it started with the leader identifying a need in the society which neither the government nor the private sector is making provision for. The NGO started out making use of church facilities for the training and getting volunteer teachers to help out with the training. Much of the funds at this initial stage were from the founders purse and little fees affordable by the beneficiaries. Even at this early stage, some other churches too started to copy Project Literacys programme, thereby increasing their impact (multiplicative scaling up). In 1985, the NGO enrolled up to 200 learners in its Adult Basic Education Training (ABE T) programme and had an annual budget of approximately R4000. The first major turnaround however came when the NGO received a donation of $10,000 (worth R33, 000) from USAID. With this, the NGO registered Project Literacy Trust Fund, and with additional fundraising drive, built its first mini office. By 1990, trainings for community based organizations and commercial clients were initiated. This helped in further diversifying the NGOs income source. The program also enjoyed a lot of support from other bodies like the South African Council of Churches and the Independent Development Trusts which both gave funds for the further development of an ABET teacher training programme and development of suitable ABET materials. The NGO was able to build its central office in 1994 through a donation from the Joint Education Trust. However, the direct funding enjoyed by most South African NGOs from international donors soon dried up. With democracy in South Africa in 1994, donors began entering into bilateral agreements with the elected government rather than directly with NGOs, resulting in the folding up of most NGOs. This highlights the centrality of funding to the operations of these NGOs and probably their overdependence on it. Project Literacy however, was able to survive this period by identifying the opportunity in this challenge (Farouk, year unknown). The new Government saw the need to provide sector wide training to meet the education and skill needs of its work force and the unemployed. This was done through the establishment of Sector Education Training Authorities (SETA) e.g. agriculture SETA will attend to needs in agriculture. Project Literacys strategy was to build capacity to tender effectively for government contracts, and the organization moved from direct delivery to service delivery. It al so restructured its financial management structure, retrained staff, and adopted a robust marketing strategy, all of which were not normal practices in the sector. This sort of bold move required strong leadership able to venture into areas not treaded before. By 1999, the NGO had gained national notoriety, with offices in all of South Africas provinces. Also critical to Project Literacys success was its leadership structure. Unlike most other NGOs that depend on the charisma of the leader and his influence or connections, Project Literacy was able to put in place a standard structure with board of trustees and board of directors, with a management team. By 1995, Jenny Neser the founder resigned and a new CEO was appointed. Continuity was thus ensured. Growth however has its challenges, and Project Literacys biggest challenge ever came in 2010 when it lost a major government contract worth R 90m. By this time the organization spent up to R1.2m monthly to maintain its offices nationally. The loss of this contract resulted in the need for the organization to close all its provincial offices and lay off 47 out of its 78 staff members (Independent online, 2010). This highlights the danger of a growth dependent on government funding, and also the danger of additive scaling up. Politics could play a major role in who gets governments contract, and a domineering monopoly might not be the best mode for NGOs to adopt in their bid to scale up. Whether or how Project Life will be able to handle the current management challenge remains a question to be answered, but the lessons learnt from it will be invaluable to every aspiring NGO. In conclusion, this essay has highlighted the importance of management with respect to NGOs and how it differs from management in the public or private sectors. It has also considered the management challenges of leadership, funding, accountability, monitoring evaluation, and scaling up as the most important management challenges facing NGOs. The case study of Project Life has shown that management in the NGO sector could be likened to a rollercoaster ride, monumental success could bear with it seeds for colossal failure. NGOs in the foreseeable future will have to continue to work in a very unpredictable environment, adapting quickly as the need may be in order to survive diverse challenges that will continue to face them.

Fly-By-Night Case Essay

A). When looking at the balance sheet, the first noticeable signal among assets is the rapid increase in accounts receivable in years 12, 13, and 14. It means that there are more products sold in credit than in cash and direct useable funds. Another signal is the sudden increase in inventories in years 12, 13, and 14. The previous three years, inventories slightly decreased. Only from year 11 to year 12 inventories almost triples and keeps increasing significantly the next two years. It shows there is has been a change in the production system making is less efficient. The last signal among assets is the increase in property, plant, and equipment for the years 13 & 14. It is likely that the increase is a result from the less efficient production in year 12. By buying new equipment, they expected to be able to meet the production needs. Then, the first noticeable signal among liabilities and shareholders’ equity is the increase in current portion of long-term debt in years 13 & 14. The acquired extra debt is most likely a result from acquiring property, plant, and equipment. Another signal is the increase in accounts payable for year 13 & 14. It is a result from the extended terms of payments. In year 12, the company had 26 days to pay which increased to 48 days in year 13 and increased even further in year 14 to 84 days. The company keeps buying products but does not have the resources to pay for it and takes longer to pay vendors. Next, when looking at the income statement it is noticeable there is an increase in deprecation which is due to acquiring property, plant, and equipment. There is an increase in interest expense which is due to acquiring more debt. Then in year 14, it results in an operating loss since the expenses are higher than income (positive income tax). Lastly, when looking at the cash flows the most noticeable is the negative change in cash flow for operations. To be able to keep your liquidity high  or ability to pay current expenses, you need to generate cash through net cash flow from operations. Only due to the increase in net cash flow from acquiring property, plant, and equipment the total cash flow decreases. B). Yes, the company can avoid bankruptcy. Only FBN needs to make some strategy and implementation changes. The income statement shows that sales have increased significantly from year 12 to year 14. As the company’s transactions with the U.S. Air Force, U.S. Navy, and the Federal Reserve Bank are covering 60-70% of total revenues, the company has secured income up to years 16-17. The conclusion is that the main concerns of the company are liquidity, costs, and efficiency. The board of directors needs to improve cash levels to lower the liquidity risk. As exhibit 5 shows the current and quick ratio of FBN have decreased over the past years which is the main cause for the high liquidity risk. There a few ways to do this. One option would be to negotiate with customers over the terms of accounts receivable to generate cash faster. Another option would be to issue shares to increase the level of cash. Another issue is the increase of inventory. A high level of inventory increases costs for FBN such as holding costs. The company should have insight in the market conditions so it can produce the needed products efficiently. There needs to be some inventory available for emergency situations or unexpected orders, but the number should be as low as possible. Finally, the total expenses are higher than sales in year 14 which signals that the company either needs to improve efficiency or cut costs. Depreciation costs have increased significantly due to the increased sales and therefore the acquirement of plant, property, and equipment. The ROA has decreased to 0%. In order to get a positive profit margin, costs need to be cut. On the other side, effectiveness and efficiency of the assets need to be improved to generate net sales from the fixed-assets investments.